Essay about The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro

The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro Postmodern literature has its many spokesmen. Many would agree that Kazuo Ishiguro is not the most typical representative of this somewhat anarchistic literary and social movement, but he is certainly one of its most subtle and valuable artists. He uses the principles of post modernistic writing in a very meaningful way, and only after a thorough analysis can one fully appreciate all carefully constructed and presented elements trough which he successfully delivers his story. Remains of the day, as a novel, is a unique example of how a story of a personal fate of one man can reflect on such large, historical and social scale. Above all other motifs, the one of history, especially personal,†¦show more content†¦The intention is revealing its artificiality. An abundance of â€Å"blank spaces†, puns and irony serves as a constant reminder of the fact that postmodern writers do not attempt to create an illusion of reality, but quite the opposite. By emphasizing the actual body of a novel as a construct, they, more or less successfully, attempt to provoke an inner dialogue, a discussion between the reader and the writer, or the narrating character. The reality, claims the postmodern fiction, is already irreversibly compromised and altered by the cognitive mechanisms and even more so, the language itself. In this novel, the use of the language is to reveal the character behind it, although at the beginning it is a weapon Stevens uses to disguise the truth. The style Stevens uses, particularly his formal tone and the choice of certain words (bantering) excellently present his character. Often he even repeats some phrases, or sentences, word by word. However, Ishiguro himself is rather reluctant of making the techniques he applies too visible and obviously revealed in his writing. He states: â€Å"[F]or me, while the nature of fiction or fictionality are things that writers might need to be concerned with to get on with their work, I don’t believe that the nature of fiction is one of the burning issues of the late twentieth century. It’s not one of the things I want to turn to novels and art to find out about.† The artificiality of fiction isShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre And Remains Of The Day By Kazuo Ishiguro1731 Words   |  7 Pages Writers present issues of self awareness through common craft such as Narrative technique, Point of view, Setting description and dialogue. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s â€Å" Jane Eyre† and â€Å"Remains of the Day† by Kazuo Ishiguro both are told from the main protagonists point of view, and brings out their growing self awareness in themselves. The former is able to grow from this experience while the latter is unable to adapt and is therefore his growth is stunted. Jane Eyre , the main character of â€Å"JaneRead MoreThe Remains Of The Day By Kazuo Ishiguro And The Play Death Of A Salesman1549 Words   |  7 Pagesremember specific events and forget others? To what extent do memories serve as a guideline to the type of personality and characteristics an individual displays? In the novel The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro and the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, memories are used for the understanding of main characters. Ishiguro uses memories to narrate Stevens’ past working for royalty and his struggle to transition into the modern world. Miller uses memories to display that Willy is delusional andRead MoreThe Human Factor by Graham Greene and The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro1194 Words   |  5 PagesThe Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro show that some loyalties are bought, while others are earned. Earned loyalty tends to last while loyalty that is bought tends to fade. Through the characters Stevens and Castle, they demonstrate this difference. While both characters demonstrate external loyalty, Stevens’ loyalty was purchased, and Castle’s was earned. Castle’s genuine loyalty allows him to risk his life, while Stevens’ loyalty is only compliance. Stevens, in The Remains of the Day, livesRead MoreThe Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro: Contrasting the Upper and Lower Classes1332 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Remains of the Day, Kazuo Ishiguro places Mr. Stevens’ stay at the Taylors’ house directly after Lord Darlington’s abrupt dismissal of two Jewish staff members, and he uses different tones and the repetition of key phrases in the two incidents to contrast the generosity, respect, and hospitality of the lower class with the racism, cruelty, and emotional detachment of the upper class nobles. Ishiguro especially contrasts the way the two classes treat each other with the courtesy of the lowerRead MoreIdentity In The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood and The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro1072 Words   |  5 PagesIdentity In The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood and The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro The Remains of The Day and The Handmaids Tale are two novels from opposing ends of the fictional literature spectrum. On one side we have THT a novel set within a dystopian future using relationships between characters to emphasise the strictness ofRead MoreThe Assault by Harry Mulisch, The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro and 1984 by George Orwell1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assault by Harry Mulisch, The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro and 1984 by George Orwell In the three novels studied, The Assault by Harry Mulisch, The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro, and 1984 by George Orwell, the protagonists are controlled by outside influences that force them to confront their pasts and memories. However, each character handles their memories in juxtaposing ways. While all three characters experience epiphanies towards the end of theRead MoreCompare and Contrast American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis and the Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro Focussing on the Topic of the Unreliable Narrator3332 Words   |  14 PagesEaston Ellis and The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro focussing on the topic of the unreliable narrator The unreliable narrator is a technique used by authors where a scenario is created in which the reader cannot trust the narration of the book usually done in the first person. In American psycho, Ellis explores the sinister nature of Wall Street yuppie culture by examining the sanity of the narrating protagonist Patrick Bateman using the unreliable narrator. Ishiguro also uses this, exploringRead More Regrets in The Remains of the Day Essay examples1385 Words   |  6 PagesRegrets in The Remains of the Day â€Å"...For a great many people, the evening is the most enjoyable part of the day. Perhaps, then, there is something to his advice that I should cease looking back so much, that I should adopt a more positive outlook and try to make the best of what remains of my day. After all, what can we ever gain in forever looking back and blaming ourselves if our lives have not turned out quite as we might have wished? The hard reality is, surely, that for the likes ofRead MoreKazuo Ishiguros The Remains of the Day Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro is a fictional novel about regrets and lost chances. This book is Ishiguro’s third published novel and has received the Man Booker Prize for fiction in 1989. The Remains of the Day uses several literary techniques such as tone, flashbacks, symbolism, and foreshadowing to emphasize the core themes of dignity, regret, and loyalty. The plot mainly revolves around human weaknesses and misjudgments. The Remains of the Day is a first person narrative of an EnglishRead MoreDystopian Society in Never Let Me Go Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of clones as medical supplies poses it’s own difficulties. Kazou Ishiguro’s novel Never Let Me Go explores the ethical boundaries of creating an entire race of humans who’s only purpose it to supply organs. Beneath its straightforward plot line Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel Never Let Me Go is an understated dystopia. The simplicity of the plot allows these themes to shine through with concise subtlety.   The society in this novel is dystopian. This is illustrated by the deception of the students into thinking

The Impact Of Accounting And Information Technology

IMPACT OF ACCOUNTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Application of basic accounting theory is based on financial accounting practices used in the formation of a series of methods of the theory, mainly the development and implementation of accounting practice norms, is to guide and constrain accounting standards, the basis for evaluation of accounting. The development of accounting and information technology has given an impact to the accounting objectives, accounting assumptions and accounting information technology. Accounting objective refers to certain social conditions, the accounting requirements and standards to be achieved. Accounting objective is to determine the direction of the development of accounting practice factor, is the ultimate, the required accounting purposes. Goal is to specific accounting functions, with the external environment changes, the goal will change the accounting, and the accounting of the specific functions will also be further developed. In the accounting information age, the basic objective of accounting is still improving economic efficiency; the specific objective is to provide decision-useful information users of accounting information. The goal is to provide financial accounting reports to investors, creditors, governments and relevant departments and the general public to provide and the financial position, operating results and cash flows and other relevant accounting information to reflect the fulfillment of fiduciary duties ofShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Information Technology On Accounting Activities1051 Words   |  5 Pagessociety, Accounting has experienced approximately several stages. In theses stages, the development of advance technology for accounting is so important that its influence could not be overlooked. In today highly competitive, dramatically changed global economy, rapidly fluctuated business market, organizations have been forced to consider how to use information technologies to hold a dvanced competitiveness. As introducing of these information technologies into organizations, accounting activitiesRead MoreThe Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession In today’s business society, the accounting technology whether it be software or hardware is a vital part of just about every major business. Many people overlook the importance of the role of accounting technology in business and in the accounting profession. The fact is technology such as accounting information systems can make or break a business. Utilization of Information Technology in the Retail Businesses (Wal-Mart) To succeed in theRead MoreResearch on the Influence of Informatization1698 Words   |  7 PagesInformatization On The Accounting Theories and Practices and Real-time Control in China Yang Lu Fairleigh Dickinson University RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATIZATION 2 Abstract The 21st century is an information age of rapid development and the computer is more and more widely used in every country. As a development country, China is effecting by the increasing improvement of modern science technology in every field. InRead MoreImpact of Ict on Accounting Practice in Nigeria1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of ICT on accounting practice in Nigeria CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background of the study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the recent past centuries, before the inception of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), the accountants of an organization were using a socially acceptable behavioural method of reporting accounting and economic reports, carried out during accounting year ends, the preparation of accounting records, book such as the profit and loss account, the balance sheetRead MoreThe Implementation Of Accounting Information Systems1037 Words   |  5 Pagesimplementation of accounting information systems, accounting and corporate accounting management environment has undergone great changes, internal control mechanisms and instruments manual accounting system was not available for the network environment, the establishment of information systems and accounting internal control system adapted to become enterprises need to solve the problems. In the 1990s, with the development of global economic integration and information technology. Internet, data transmissionRead MoreResearching Topics Of Interest Is A Key Starting Point For The Research Effort1538 Words   |  7 Pagesperforming a complete research effort this will allow me to gain the necessary information to effectively answer the research questions, resolve the research problem, and meet the purpose of the research (Leedy Ormrod, 2013). The following sections include the formulation of potential topic areas of interest for my doctoral level research. Earnings Management: An Examination of Ethical Implications, Fraud, and the Related Impacts to Stakeholder Interests The first topic area involves an observation ofRead MoreData Collection and Analysis1675 Words   |  7 Pagesaims of the School Based Assessment are: 1. To gain an insight into the many laws and precepts that governs the daily operations of Scotia Bank. 2. To unearth the legal, social, ethical and technological issues that affects Scotia Bank and their impact on its operations. 3. To come to a conclusion on the basis of the topic selected and to derive appropriate recommendations. 4. To help the researcher in endorsing investigative proficiencies. 5. To consent to the development of improved attitudeRead MoreThe Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession ACC/340 The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession Advancements in technology have allowed companies, small and large, to keep accurate financial records and eliminate paper entries. Technology has also allowed individuals in the accounting field the ability to interpret the financial information efficiently and effectively. With the introduction of the internet, a company now has the option to expand their business beyond aRead MoreThe Impact of Contingencies on Management Accounting System Development.1725 Words   |  7 PagesManagement Accounting SYSTEM 1 3.0 THE IMPACT OF CONTINGENCIES ON MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 2 ( i ) Environment 2 ( ii ) Strategies and mission 3 ( iii ) Technology 4 ( iv ) Firm interdependence 4 ( v ) Business unit, firm, and industry variables 5 ( vi ) Knowledge and observables factors 5 ( vii ) Culture 6 4.0 Summary and Conclusions 6 5.0 REFERENCE BOOKs 7 1.0 INTRODUCTION The management of a company needs to develop cost and management accounting systemsRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Federal Law1073 Words   |  5 PagesInformation technology industry is developing very fast today. Being self-accelerated, information Technology develops ever more rapidly than the millions of users require. Moreover, the technology is important not only for general users but also for business operations. That is because it provides both tangible and intangible benefits that help to increase profit and ensure the effectiveness of customer service. These factors basically make information technology organizations extremely profitable

Leadership and vision for future Free Essays

The role of leadership in organization is really great. Success of company mostly depends on qualities of leader. A good leader is more than half of success. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and vision for future or any similar topic only for you Order Now Much of literature on organizational change and leadership emphasizes the notion of selling an inspirational and aspirational vision to those at every level in the organization. Let’s try to examine the difficulties, which can face the leader when trying to sell an inspirational and aspirational vision for the future, taking into account that a vision needs to appeal to and be understood by people at every level of the organization. Leadership as a concept of classical management is ability to influence activity of individuals and groups of people in order to motivate them working for achievement of aims. Organization, which is successful, is different from other organizations mainly because it has more dynamic and effective management.   Successful organization is, first of all, a strategic vision for future, whereas leadership supposes vision of future and ability to propagate it as well as motivate people. So, we can see that an effective leadership and effective inspirational and aspirational vision for the future depends on skillful motivation of workers. Without any doubt, motivation should be different for different levels of workers. Vision – is the fourth component of â€Å"diamond leadership†. Leader combines both words of vision – external and internal (Heifitz, R., p.112). Components of vision are creativity and strategy. There is no magic in this process: it is quite difficult, sometimes wearisome process of collecting and analyzing of information. A person, who forms vision of company, is not a magician – he is a thoughtful strategist, who is able to risk. Vision is one of zones of leader’s intelligence, which demands constant development and perfection. To tell with other words, vision is a â€Å"description of the future that is attractive because it expresses the possibility of realizing values that are important to people† (Charles Pfeffer, p.2) Let’s see, what are the main problems and difficulties, leaders face during implementing of vision for the future in the companies. Model of future is not attractive (or it is difficult to understand). First of all, a leader should create an attractive vision of future. He has to work out a strategic plan, which will indicate the main stages of development. What is also very important, the vision should not be different of strategic aims of company. The vision should show, which values will be achieved during implementation process. All workers should realize importance of working together and should understand the aims of company. Moreover, they have to understand and to share your vision. Don’t forget that people are different and you have to work with them depending on their skills, abilities and status. A good model is like a house made of cards – each card should occupy its position; when one card will fall down, it ruins the whole building. The same problem is in the company: all the workers should understand the aims of organization and its vision for the future. When a worker doesn’t understand the aim, he will not work effectively. Insufficient communication with workers. A good leader develops vision for the future by speaking. A good base for effective work is trust and good relations. When a leader explained to all workers, what he expects from them, he has to be opened for everybody to check results of fulfillment. You should be more open to the workers. The effective communication favors solving different kinds of problems before they become more serious. Paola Gamonal notes that you should â€Å"raise the comfort level, make sure they know questions are always OK, your door is always (or at predictable intervals) open, and be willing to look at drafts and give feedback† (Paola Gamonal, p.3) Bad motivation. Actually, I suppose that this is the most important problem when trying to sell an inspirational and aspirational vision for the future. I think that motivation, ability to develop your qualities, ability to be responsible, readiness to make all efforts to achieve aims of company – all these qualities already are present in people; management cannot give those qualities to people. So, a good manager/leader is obliged to help people to realize and develop all those human qualities. A leader should be able to create such conditions in organization and to use such methods of work to help people to achieve their own aims only in case they make efforts in achievement of aims of organization. Even from economical point of view, people are considered as extremely expensive working resource, so they should be used with maximum effectiveness. For example, when a person gets a new job, he tries to make all efforts to develop himself from the best side. When he doesn’t receive possibility to feel himself necessary, an independent worker, he becomes disappointed in his work. As a consequence, he doesn’t focus attention on quality of work, and doesn’t work effectively for achievement of main aims of his company. This is also one of mistakes, which should be avoided. So, a good leader should estimate potential possibilities of a worker, giving him a chance to realize himself. In such a way, a leader should understand importance of ideal work for each definite worker. Such ‘ideal work’ should have: a) integrity (it means, it should bring to some definite result); b) should be considered as important and which has to be fulfilled (John P Kottler, p.115); c) should give possibility to worker to take decisions, necessary for its fulfillment (i.e. there should be a kind of autonomy, but within definite limits), – or group autonomy; d) should provide double-side connection with worker, should be estimated depending of effectiveness of his work and should bring to him fair remuneration. When you plan work in accordance with these principles, it provides a worker with internal satisfaction. It is very effective motivating factor, because it stimulates qualitative fulfillment of work and stimulates a worker to fulfill more difficult work, which leads to increase of effectiveness in particular and increase of effectiveness of work in the whole company as well. So, summarizing my position, a good leader should be able to provide his organization with effective model of vision for the future. The future of company depends on effective vision. There are some difficulties leader should take into account during selling an inspirational and aspirational vision for the future, which depend on external and internal factors. Those factors include communication with workers, bad or insufficient motivation; inability to explain the vision for the future, to determine main factors and ideas of success, presenting attractive vision, to explain that important aims can be realized, to declare new possibilities. Leaders also face difficulties in speaking in ways that engage workers, to understand what is your audience and react accordingly (people are different and you should be aware that methods, which work for top managerial, doesn’t work for executives, etc). Focusing attention on those difficulties will allow you avoiding a number of problems and will help you company to be more effective. Works Cited: 1.Leadership, Vision and Shared-mental Modeling by Ch. Pfeffer 2.   Vision – Or, Who’s Looking Out The Windshield? by P. Gamonal (c) Ravenwerks Website 2003 3.Leadership Without Easy Answers, by Heifitz, R., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994 4.Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail in Harvard Business Review by John P Kottler, Business Classics: Fifteen Key Concepts for Managerial Success. Harvard Business School Publishing Crop 1998    How to cite Leadership and vision for future, Essay examples

Dispute Resolution Planning for the Oil and Gas Industry

Question: Despite recent developments in the field of Litigation, parties embroiled in an oil and gas dispute still prefer to choose International Commercial Arbitration as a preferred method of resolving their disputes. Answer: When it comes to the oil and gas industry the operations may be classified as intricate, unsafe and costly operations and they generally keep going on for quite an extended period of time. Given the nature of the work undertaken by this industry, special contracts are utilized in overseeing connections among different parties occupied with these operations. Inferable from the intricacy of operations and relations between different elements, the oil and gas industry is inclined to different sorts of disputes (Bowman, 2001). Disputes might emerge in territories, for example, worldwide maritime boundary claims; equipment-related claims; claims over jurisdiction; master determination; claims identifying with amount and nature of merchandise; insurance issues and sometimes hedging (Connerty, 2002). Thus, to ensure that none of the above reasons or more hampers the progress of oil and gas operations it is essentially important to remember that proper methods for determining such disputes a re concurred by the involved parties. It may be stated that the parties involved in oil and gas industry decide to go for agreed dispute determination (ADR) instead of alluding those disputes to national courts. ADR in some jurisdiction is known as alternate dispute resolution. ADR generally alludes to all methods for dispute settlement other than litigation which incorporates mediation, arbitration, expert determination, negotiation arrangements as well as conciliations This article is separated into three principle segments. In the principal segment the researcher talks about the two important types of arbitration. In the second segment, the components and contrasts of the significant international arbitral foundations are highlighted. The basis of the paper is the third segment which centers the discourses on the variables which make international arbitration more desirable over litigation, especially in the context of oil and gas industry disputes. The exposition infers that, the international arbitration is preferred to litigation in the oil and gas industry due its nonpartisanship, economy, simplicity in terms of implementation and time. Arbitration is likewise supported in light of the fact that it is viewed as non adversarial and it maintains all forms of confidentiality. Additionally it provides the parties the much necessary aspect of self autonomy when it comes to the determination of their dispute. Arbitration is a type of ADR which permits differences between two parties to be determined outside of the traditional court framework. In an arbitration case the parties to a dispute will allude it to one or more persons -more commonly known as the "judges" or an 'arbitral tribunal'. it is by the choice of these judges or arbitral tribunals that that parties in question involved in the dispute consent to be bound. International business arbitration can either be institutional or ad-hoc arbitration. While under the institutional arbitration process, the parties forming the dispute consent to present a dispute for the process of determination by a specific arbitral organization, the ad-hoc arbitration procedure is not administered by an establishment (Shuman-Powell, Esq., 2010). There are several advantages of institutional arbitration. First, it incorporates the accessibility of pre-built up standards and procedures which guarantee the arbitration procedures start in an opportune way. Further advantages incorporates administrative help from the foundation, which as a rule gives a secretariat or court of arbitration; a rundown of qualified mediators to browse; help with urging hesitant parties to continue with arbitration; and a set up arrangement with a demonstrated record (Martin and Anshan, 2001). Regardless of its advantages, institutional arbitration has a few negetive sides which incorporate administrative charges for governance and utilization of the offices, which can be significant if there is a substantial sum in dispute which often becomes more than the real sum in dispute. In these conditions, the organization from inside of the foundation, can lead to defers and additional expenses. Moreover the required time for the process is often considered to be unrealistic (Al-Barashdi, 2015). In ad hoc arbitration, parties to the disputes choose authorities and standards outside the built up arbitrations. One of the advantages of ad hoc arbitration is the fact that it is very cost effective (Blanke, 2008). In ad hoc arbitration there are no charges payable to arbitral establishment and charges payable to mediators are arranged specifically between the parties and judges. Likewise, ad hoc arbitration is thought to be adaptable as it permits parties to decide a few angles, for example, decision or surrounding of tenets, decision of venue and referees. Practically speaking, ad hoc arbitration is proper for settlement of disputes identifying with small claims or poor parties (Stanley, 2012). The major disadvantages of the Ad hoc form of arbitration is the it has a tendency to depend on the parties willingness to agree upon the arbitration procedures foregoing the fact that they are already in a dispute. Moreover, if the parties previously have had disagreed to the terms of arbitration before the onset of the dispute, it remains very unlikely that they would agree to the same after the onset of the dispute. Thus in such cases, the dispute resolution gets halted and the parties have no other option left but to go for litigation processes (Stanley, 2012). International arbitration is considered to be a popular method of dispute resolution especially in the oil and gas industry. Here onwards the researcher would describe the different reasons that make this procedure a more preferable method as compared to litigation. Oil and gas contracts as often as possible include parties from various national jurisdictions. In practice, it is often noticed that the contracting parties remain unwilling to be subject to the national jurisdiction of another country or party which is likely to happen if the parties were to present a dispute to the courts of the host country (Ewing, 2014). With a specific end goal to stay away from a 'nation of origin point of interest' of the other party, it is normal for parties to choose arbitration as a means of dispute resolution for the lack of bias of the forum18. Under arbitration, parties concur in the agreement or after the dispute has emerged for nonpartisan arbitrators (McArthur, 2014), unbiased arbitral institution (Bergsten and KroÃÅ'ˆll, 2011), impartial tenets and nonpartisan seat of arbitration (Lew et al., 2003). So as to guarantee the lack of bias of arbitrators, the ICC Rules requires that "in affirming or naming authorities, the Court might consider the planned mediator's nationality, home and different associations with the nations of which the parties or alternate judges are nationals." (Moses, 2008). This necessity is started on the regular law rule of nemo debet esse judex in propria causa, that is, nobody can be a judge in his own particular case (Schwarzenberger, 2012). The fundamental objective is to guarantee that the chosen arbitrators are fair-minded and autonomous in their choice. The International Bar Association (IBA) Rules of Ethics for International Arbitrators obliges judges to be free from bias (Kurkela and Snellman, 2005). These Rules go further to give components of predisposition in particular favoritism and dependence (Kyungbae, 2008). Impartiality or absence of autonomy with respect to a mediator is a ground for testing the arbitrator on the basis of public policies ( Kumar, 2014). Like all other ADR processes, Arbitration provides the involved parties with a level of autonomy. When it comes to the principle, the autonomy related to parties is considered to be the fundamental principle. International commercial Arbitration values their fundamental principle related to the party autonomy. However, in both international and national laws regarding arbitration has included the principle of party attorney in it. As per Article 19 of UNICITRAL Model law, subject to the provision of this Law, the Parties are free to agree on the procedure to be followed by arbitral tribunal in conducting the proceedings (UNCITRAL, 2007). The arbitration act of United Kingdom has recognized the issue of the freedom of parties regarding the solution through which they can easily solved their dispute. Parties have the right to choose their own arbitrators. But these rights to the parties are limited only in ad hoc arbitration and in institutional arbitration. Not only that, but the part ies are also free to choose the seat of their arbitrators and also the law of arbitration which will govern the proceedings. The governing law of arbitration is also known as lex causae (Landolt, 2006). There are cases in institutional arbitration, where the parties also failed to choose not only their arbitrator but also the seat of arbitration. However, in such instances, the arbitral institution is liable to choose the arbitrator and the seat of arbitration on behalf of their parties. The important part of this act is that the arbitrators who are being chosen are the expertise from the oil and gas industry. On the other hand, it is also not necessary that the magistrates and the judge need to be expert in the industry. Various laws are provided under national law. One of them is important where the law states that the judge will be appointed by the state and the rules which will be applicable are also be promulgated by the state. Moreover, the venue will be decided by the jurisdi ction (Weiler, 2005). Thus, where the argument arises regarding any proceedings in court litigation is considered to be formal in nature and it is also adhere to the chosen procedure of the law. However, the parties do not have any control over the litigation procedure. The case can only be controlled by some of the specific individual namely: judge, representative of the parties in oil and gas disputes. Various factors are prevailed for which the preference of arbitration is much more compare to litigation. This is because litigation is more expensive that the arbitration. Apart from the cost effectiveness, litigation also has another important disadvantage that it is very time consuming. Fees payable to the appointed advocates or may be appointed barriers are the reason of increasing the cost in case of litigation. The court process gets lengthy as there prevail various appeal proceeding. However, there is also some controversy regarding this topic. Some of the people believe and also stated that arbitration is not at all cost effective in nature compare to litigation in cases of international arbitration. Parties who are related to the gas or oil dispute always consider the time that is being taken for their legal proceedings (McArthur, 2014). This is because within the consumed time the dispute will get resolved. The time of consumption of an arbitral proceeding is less because t he discovery level is low. Moreover, all the awards are non-appealable in nature but there are also some exceptional cases for it. It is also stated by many researcher that arbitration is more advantages compare to litigation. One of the main features of ADR processes is that the proceeding related to ADR processes are kept confidential. Parties who are under the arbitration agreement always agree to keep the documents related to the proceeding including the evidences and also the orders as confidential (Mourre, 2008). Thus, this act as an advantage on the part of the arbitration compare to litigation. In case of Litigation, the documents, evidences and every other thing related to the proceeding are open to public save in most of the cases. The power is being given upon the third party regarding the privacy of the arbitration process and they has ability to access the proceedings and also the ability to disclose the facts of the arbitration proceeding (Alqurashi, 2005). However, they are not liable to take the consent of the parties before disclosing the facts to the public. The controversy arises regarding the confidentiality of the arbitration proceeding from various factors which are being already disc ussed above. But it is also true that the arbitration proceedings are not confidential because information resulted from the proceedings may become public in future. Thus from the above discussion it may be inferred that there are several different reasons because of which individuals who are party to oil and gas contracts would prefer arbitration as a means to dispute resolution as compared to opting for litigation. in a nutshell, it may be stated that arbitration helps by choosing a neutral venue for the dispute resolution process and the arbitrators are also individuals who have no connection with the host country or the disputed country. In short, neutrality is strictly maintained even in the case of the arbitrators (Martin and Anshan, 2001). Most importantly, arbitration is considered to be a non-adversarial method that helps in dispute resolution and is premised upon the need for the two parties to come to a situation that takes into account both their benefits. This helps the parties involved to maintain a good relationship with one another even after the dispute resolution process has ended. This is considered to be the most crucial issue since it ensures that the continuity in oil and gas operations is successfully maintained. References Al-Barashdi, S. (2015). The efficiency of alternative dispute resolutions in the Oil and Gas Industry. International Journal of Administrative and Business Studies, 1(2), pp.41-44. Alqurashi, Z. (2005). International oil and gas arbitration. [Place of publication not identified]: Alexander's Gas Oil Connections. Bergsten, E. and KroÃÅ'ˆll, S. (2011). International arbitration and international commercial law. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Blanke, G. (2008). Institutional versus Ad Hoc Arbitration: A European Perspective. ERA Forum, 9(2), pp.275-282. Bowman, J. (2001). Dispute Resolution Planning for the Oil and Gas Industry. ICSID Review, 16(2), pp.332-407. Connerty, A. (2002). Dispute Resolution in the Oil and Gas Industries. Journal of Energy Natural Resources Law, 20(2), pp.144-171. Ewing, S. (2014). Best of the oil gas law colloquium. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Pennsylvania Bar Institute. Kumar, L. (2014). The Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators in International Commercial Arbitration. SSRN Electronic Journal. Kurkela, M. and Snellman, H. (2005). Due process in international commercial arbitration. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, Inc. Kyungbae, K. (2008). A Study on the Impartiality and Independence of Arbitrators. journalofarbitrationstudies, 18(1), pp.31-47. Landolt, P. (2006). Modernised EC competition law in international arbitration. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Lew, J., Mistelis, L. and KroÃÅ'ˆll, S. (2003). Comparative international commercial arbitration. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Martin, J. and Anshan, M. (2001). Alternative dispute resolution for oil and gas practitioners. Chicago, IL: Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources. McArthur, J. (2014). Oil and gas implied covenants for the twenty-first century. New York: Juris. Moses, M. (2008). The principles and practice of international commercial arbitration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mourre, A. (2008). The Set-off Paradox in International Arbitration. Arbitration International, 24(3), pp.387-404. Newman, L. and Hill, R. (2008). The leading arbitrators' guide to international arbitration. Huntington, N.Y.: Juris Pub. Schwarzenberger, G. (2012). International law as applied by international courts and tribunals. 10th ed. London: Stevens. Shuman-Powell, Esq., R. (2010). Hamilton v. Burr: An Alternative Dispute Resolution Perspective. SSRN Electronic Journal. Stanley, C. (2012). Traps for the unwary: the pitfalls of ad hoc arbitration. Trusts Trustees, 18(4), pp.332-340. Weiler, T. (2005). International investment law and arbitration. London: Cameron May. Won-Suk Oh, and Yongil Kim, (2009). A Comparative Study on the Institutional Arbitration and Ad Hoc Arbitration. journalofarbitrationstudies, 19(1), pp.25-44. www.uncitral.org. (2007). UNITED NATIONS UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. [online] Available at: https://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/ml-arb/07-86998_Ebook.pdf [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016].

Bba Assignment free essay sample

Beer is the most widely consumed alcoholic beverage and it is oldest prepared beverage in the world; the beer is third most popular after water and tea. The big breweries that are Scrabbles Brewery Malaysia Bertha(CB) and Guinness Anchor Bertha(GAB) in Malaysia. Strengths and weakness of Scrabbles Brewery Malaysia Bertha The strengths of Scrabbles Malaysia are that brand image, strong financial position quality and distribution network. The Scrabbles Group has a long tradition for sponsorships that can be positively associated with Scrabbles brands.The Scrabbles Malaysia has financially powerful to be protected from the fluctuating fortunes of the Malaysian market. The weakness of Scrabbles brewery is face a largely Muslim population in Malaysia so the government has used the alcoholic drinks industry as a source Of revenue generation and accordingly excise hikes are large and frequent. The cost of beer brands in Scrabbles Malaysia is getting higher, due to the consumption tax. We will write a custom essay sample on Bba Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Strengths and weakness of Guinness Anchor Bertha The strength of Guinness Anchor Bertha is the joint venture of the winning brands companies such Guinness, Tiger, Anchor and Heinlein.In general, a low asset turnover ratio suggests problems with excess production capacity, poor inventory management, or lax collection methods. In general, the company can use small profit quick return way to accelerate turnover of assets, the absolute amount of increase profits. 8. Non-current asset turnover ratio Non-current assets including held to maturity investments, long-term receivables, long-term equity investment, engineering goods, investment real estate, fixed assets, construction in progress, intangible assets, long-term prepaid expenses, available for sale financial assets.The GAB uses its investment in non-current assets is 0. 56 times and CB investment in encounter assets is 0. 23 times. 9. Debt ratio The GAB is financing approximately 28. 92% of its assets with borrowed funds and the CB financing approximately 37. 39% of its assets with borrowed funds. A lower debt ratio usually implies a more stable business with the potential of longevity because a company with lower ratio also has lower overall debt. The CB face financial risk is higher than GAB. 10. Long term debt to total capitalization page 4 of 16 The GAB long term debt to capitalization ratio is 38% higher than CB, CAM only have 8. 6%. If the percentage is higher, it means that the finance f the company mainly comes from the debt which can be quite risky and is sometimes a reason for bankruptcy and shows how weak the company is financially. In general, a decrease in the long term debt to capitalization ratio would mean that there is an increase in the stock holders equity. 11. Net profit margin The net profit margin of GAB is 11. 23% and CB is 9. 8%. The amount of net profit margin depends on two factors: First, total profit and the second is the income tax rate.The net profit margin is the percentage of revenue remaining after all operating expenses, interest, taxes and preferred stock dividends eve been deducted from a companys total revenue. For ever RMI . 00 of sales, GAB earns approximately 0. 1 1 cents for their shareholders and CB earns approximately 0. 09 cents for their shareholders. 12. Return of total assets The return of total assets is measure of how effectively a company uses it assets and the total assets are based on the carrying value of the assets.A higher return of total assets is better; Return of total assets depends on the company, the industry and the economic environment. The GAB return of total assets is 23. 04% and CB is 14. 28%. 13. Return on equity ratio CB Return on equity ratio is 22. 78% and GAB is 32. 43% higher than CB. Return on Equity is indicator of how effective management is at using equity financing to fund operations and grow the company. If the percentage higher means more money a company is able to generate for the same dollar amount spent. This is an important measurement Because investors want to see how efficiently a company will use their money to generate net income. Return on equity is also an indicator of how effective management is at using equity financing to fund operations and grow the company. Page 5 of 16 3. Recommendation Nowadays the adult prefer have a relax and enjoying lifestyle so they will drink beer to relax themselves and a lot of people admit they turn to alcohol to help them cope after a stressful day, so after work they will go pub, disco, bistro with friends, colleagues even boss.In term of opportunities, option 1 , Scrabbles flagship store in Malaysia. The term flagship refers to a ship which is the largest, fastest, newest, most heavily armed, most well known, or the lead ship in a fleet. When applied to a particular retail store, the designation of flagship is given to a retailers primary location, a store in a prominent action, a chains largest store. The flagship store has a key role to play in the companys brand strategy. The flagship store is a showcase for the brand. The purpose of a flagship is not to generate a profit.Instead, it has a particular job to do in drawing attention to the brand, broadcasting its brand status and marking itself out against its competitors. Flagship shopping itself is more about shopping for leisure and pleasure. The flagship store provides an opportunity for customers to experience the brand in an innovative and memorable way, so raising brand awareness on a truly personal level. The flagship store making a strong brand statement, it may be used to test the market, re-position the brand, trial new products, assess retail store design concepts or act as host venue for a range of PR activities. Flagship stores generally have the best of everything. Store design and layout is luxuriously spacious, the best products are on display some unique to the flagship, merchandising is innovative with stock maintained at Optimum levels, window display IS stunning, lighting is perfect, the store is spotlessly clean and meticulously tidy, and customer service is second to none. Scrabbles flagship tore of basic facilities also added a new element. The new element is combine flagship store and sport bar. This idea is from Scrabbles Sports Bar London the Casino at The Empire.Except casino, facilities in Scrabbles flagship store including: Scrabbles sport bar, icon balcony bar, the shadow bar, vapor bar and restaurant. Scrabbles Sport Bar is State of the arts screens; slick design and wall to wall sport live from where its happening in any sports, such as: football, golf, formula 1, basketball, baseball and other sport etc. Icon Balcony Bar is also an interconnecting private cinema making it specially perfect for presentations, conferences and award ceremonies. Shadow Bar is a stunning and truly versatile space.The illuminated dance floor, private bar and sink in your seat loungers make it an obvious choice for performances or events with dancing and music. Vapor Bar is the perfect place to enjoy exquisite cocktails major sporting events in dramatic surroundings. In restaurant can watch chefs work the woks in on show kitchen as create affordable, authentic Asian dishes, mocking (alcohol free) and enjoy an exotic tea while meal comes together, most important is this restaurant serve for Muslims. This concept must attract over 18 years old Malaysian and tourists to come over here.Option 2, the CB can invest in Taiwan. Compare with Taiwan The current population of Malaysia in total is 30,267,367 and Malay is over 50%. The current population of Taiwan in total is 23,373,517 in Taiwan CB no need to face largely Muslim population. Page 6 of 16 The beer market in Taiwan is estimated to be four times larger than Malaysia. In Taiwan, younger generations are more inclined towards western diets such as burgers, bread and pizza, making this group of consumers a good target for imported beers from other countries. In Taiwan threats of Scrabbles is domestic beer production in Taiwan.Local beer production accounts for over 80% of total beer consumption in Taiwan. Page 7 of 16 4. Capital Investment Analysis Sources of Financing Recommendations Capital investment analysis Capital investment decisions essentially include the commitment of large sums of money which affect the business for several years. These decisions require purchasing of items such as land, machinery, buildings, or equipments, which is one of the most important decisions that a business manager undertakes. In addition, purchase of a capital item requires immediate payment, whereas the income or benefits need time to increase.Since the benefits are reliant on future events, an intensive evaluation Of investment options becomes inevitable. The goal of this process aim is to pinpoint the option that is most likely to be the most profitable for the business. Business manager may use techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis, risk-return analysis, risk-neutral valuation and utility theory in a capital investment analysis. Capital investments are risky because they involve large, up-front expenditures on assets intended for many years of arrive and that will take a long time to pay for themselves. If a capital investment is financed, it must earn an even greater return, to compensate for the interest the company must pay on the financed funds. Furthermore, a poor investment decision may not be reversible. Thus, an investment decision, a financing decision, and a dividend decision form a capital investment analysis. Unlike some other types of investment analysis, capital budgeting focuses on cash flow rather than profits. Capital budgeting involves identifying the cash in flows and cash out flows rather than accounting venues and expenses flowing from the investment.

WW II essays

WW II essays -Schlieffen's Plan involved using 90% of Germany's armed forces to attack France. -Fearing the French forts on the border with Germany, Schlieffen suggested a scythee-like attack through Holand, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The rest of the German Army woudl be sent to defensive positions in the east to stop the expected Russian advance. -On 2nd August 1914, the Schlieffen Plan was put into operation. -August 4th 1914, Britain entered the war. The Schlieffen Plan had nto taken that into consideration. -British resistance at Mons and the slow retreat after the battle agve the French more time to prepare for the Germans attack. -Kluck, the German commander in France, saw that he could not keep to the Schlieffen Plan because of the resistance from the British. -Kluck changed the plan of attack; instead of going around Paris the Germans turned south. This left the Channel ports along the coast free from attackand enabled British reinforcements to get to France. -By December 1914 trenches ran from Switzerland to the Channel coast. Trench life was rough for all troops. Men spent countless hours in muddy rat-infested pits surrounded by dead bodies. -Defending the trenches was an easy task. Massed roles of barbed wire laid in front of the trenches made an enemy advance very difficult and slow. -Thousands of shells were fired into enemy lines in hopes to disable the trenches defence allowing for a sucessful attack. However the bombings acted as a warning for the opposition, giving them time to set up and prepare for the troops advancing from the trenches. -Major Battles: 1915:Ypres, Loos, Vimy Ridge, Cambrai, Messines. 1918: Marne, St. Quentin. -Germans losses: 281,000 men. French losses: 315,000 men. These losses from the attacks above. -The Somme was Briatin's most costly battle. Date: July 1st 1916; 60,000 men were killed out of a 100,000 men army.The battle ended in the middle of November 1916, and Britain had suffe ...

Wrting assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wrting - Assignment Example As per the China Daily report, for the same period, the nominal GDP was $1.87 trillion and PPP GDP was $5.07 trillion for India, another emerging economic power from Asia (â€Å"Top 10 countries..†). As per the report of Institute for Economic Competitiveness, the world’s largest economy United States posted a nominal GDP of $16.8 trillion in 2013, but the country’s GDP growth was only 2.3% for the first quarter of 2014. Official government data also indicate that the Chinese economy’s GDP per capita (nominal $6,747 and PPP $9,844) for 2013 assisted the country to strengthen its economic position in the global economy (â€Å"China GDP..†). China is a communist country, and hence it follows the communist principle of equal distribution of wealth and money among the people. As a result, income inequality is not a big problem in China as compared to capitalist countries like the United States and United Kingdom. However, some recent reports indicate that income inequality is turning out to be a growing concern in the current Chinese market economy despite the country’s status as a communist economic system (Lecture notes, ‘Education’). The Asian Development Bank Institute indicates that implementation of reform and open door policies in China in 1978 significantly contributed to the emergence of income inequality issues in the country. The Economist reported that the China’s official Gini coefficient was 0.474 as of 2012, but many economists argue that the country’s real inequality is far greater (â€Å"Inequality. Gini out of the bottle†). China, officially People’s Republic of China, is a communist country or single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. Key positions in the state structure and military are occupied by the members of Communist Party. The Chinese Communist Party is controlled

Entrepreneur - Mark Constantine and Their Company Strategy - Lush Assignment

Entrepreneur - Mark Constantine and Their Company Strategy - Lush Company - Assignment Example According to the paper, they established a strong business relationship with Anita, which enabled them to supply most of their products to Anita’s shop. The business developed very first and other founders were incorporated to the business such as Rowena Bird, Helen Ambrosen, Paul Greaves and Karl Bygrave joined the team to make the company a success. The headquarters of the company are locate in Poole, England. There were various beliefs and values that inspired the start of the company, they believed in the manufacture of fresh handmade products from natural ingredients and vital oils for personal care. Today the company has more than 650 stores across the globe with mail order services in 12 countries. The products in the company are made by hand and does its own distribution to its own retail stores. The company is associated withthe sale of cosmetic products and other innovative related product such as shampoo bars, bath ballistics and bubble bar slices. The main products though include, shower products, face and beauty products, bath products, hair products, body lotion and perfume. Innovation standards are very high in Lush Company and aspects such as differentiation, environmentally-friendly packaging and use of fresh ingredient are used to enhance their theme of innovation. Vegetables and fresh fruits are used in the manufacture of these products, which depending with the producer artisanal look and color are impeded to the product. They encourage that packaging is done with recyclable materials as a form of ethic. Lush company can be described as a company that deals with introduction of improved or new goods or services.Mission of the of the company can be described as the core strategy of the company, other core strategies include the scope of the products.

A Schematic Analysis of Medical Coronation Rituals Research Paper

A Schematic Analysis of Medical Coronation Rituals - Research Paper Example Schematic analysis of medieval coronation rituals indicates how powerful these factors are and how aware medical rulers were of the effects they could have. Ritual and symbolic communication have very specific characteristics (Luger, 2003). â€Å"When individual factors of communication are reduced and constitutive conditions changed or distorted, certain consequences for communication ensue...The ritualized element in speech is characterized by restricted individuality, as well as by being the consequence of a specific over-conventionalization† (Lager, 2003). Coronation rituals are a form of ritualistic communication that in a sense brings this to its height: While superficially an individual is gaining tremendous power, in actual fact an institution is being filled. One of the ways that medieval rulers brought to mind schema that would confer legitimacy and power was the connection to Old Testament rulers in imagery (Hedeman, 1991). â€Å"Ceremony and art dealing more speci fically with the king also associated biblical with French kingship. One of the most important ceremonies to do this was the French coronation, versions of which were drafted around 1230 and again around 1250† (Hedeman, 1991, 10).... Men like Moses and Abraham were leaders of men, wise and capable. These schema would bring to mind in the subjects of the Capetians images and feelings of power, wisdom, charisma and strength. â€Å"The changed subject matter and new narrative style in these cycles invested religious history with a "new prescriptive force" to become an example for royal behavior† (Hedeman, 1991, 10). Coronation rituals thus used Old Testament elements. One conclusion that is utterly clear is that the kings had no limit to their audacity. â€Å"After Louis's canonization in 1297, hagiographic programs, frequently presented within a dynastic framework, became more common at court. The presence of a royal saint allowed subsequent rulers such as Philip III or Philip the Fair to glorify the royal house by promoting the cult of their saintly forebear† (Hedeman, 1991, 10). Prior to the beatification of Louis IX, it would be impossible to imagine using New Testament imagery: This would place th e kings on the level of the saints or the Apostles and would be tantamount to blasphemy. But after a canonization, it was possible to use the imagery of the New Testament and of sainthood to give the dynasty an even more blessed touch. But it is not just religious legitimacy and imagery that is deployed. â€Å"Increasingly, courtly commissions emphasized the continuous succession of the three races of French kings, a succession whose length and holiness, confirmed by the sainthood of Louis IX, were the subject of the Grandes Chroniques de France† (Hedeman, 1991, 10). Schema for coronations are not just ways of establishing the power, wisdom and strength of the ruler to the people, but also the ongoing vitality and legitimacy of the institution of the kinghood itself.

Nestle Company Analysis Marketing Essay

Nestle Company Analysis Marketing Essay Introduction The marketing communication these days have changed like never before with more emphasis on the non conventional media rather than just relying on the mass media. Companies are no longer looking at the mass media as their saviour to reach out to the masses and convince them; on the contrary many of them find these mass media advertising as intrusive and the messages carried through them does not create the impact as much as they want it to be. Integrated marketing communication is the order of the day with multiple mediums used by the companies ensuring that they reach out to the customers in a more effective and efficient manner. By having the messages communicated through various channels they make sure that these companies are able to create a complete brand experience. IMC tries to integrate various marketing communication channels such as PR, online and social media, mass media advertising etc into one singular entity conveying a compelling simple theme that can get the customer s for the company. The main factor that these companies have to make sure is that they convey a unified message in all the mediums. There are several examples where companies in an attempt to woo the customers tried to pass on conflicting messages thus driving the customers away from them. Synergy between various mediums and the compatibility of the messages in all the mediums thus plays a very important role in this case (Fall C, 2002). NESTLE In UK In a recent media statement, the Swiss food giant Nestle said that they are well placed to cope up with the changing demographics and cost pressures and they are all set to rule the UK market. This statement came in view of the rise in the input prices by almost 10 % which has made other major corporations found wanting. Nestle still believes that they can be a market leader in confectionaries after the huge success of their brand Kit Kat which was well established. But the company has been under severe pressure to streamline its processes due to the fact that there has been an increase in the price of raw materials and that too the customer base in UK is more or less saturating leaving no room for further expansion. Major supplier of cocoa, Ivory Coast going through a rough political phase has been the reason for worry in UK confectionary industry. This leads to changes in prices even though Nestle claims that the pricing wont vary much and would be decided upon based on various segments that they are catering to (Ellwood, I. 2002). All these factors lead to the importance of having a loyal customer base and increased frequency of use by the existing customer base. In order to reach to your customer and get a share of their mind, especially in the FMCG segment it is essential that you have to reinforce the message again and again so as to get a top of the mind recall. In this age when one is bombarded with thousands of advertisements every day, unless and until you try out something different the customers are not really going to pay attention to you. One way to overcome this problem is using an integrated marketing communication approach, wherein the messages are passed on to the customers by means of various channels and thus reinforcing the message. By using various media options that are seen as non intrusive you are actually talking to the customers in a more conducive environment and hence they are more likely to listen to you (Davies, M. 1998). When y ou run a campaign it is essential to monitor the campaign and then guide it at each and every stage so that the money that is spent on advertising is not wasted. This is also possible by the use of various media options like Social and interactive media where the customers essentially form a part of the campaign thus giving them a feeling that they have an involvement in the whole process and thus they feel like owning the product. Integrated Marketing Campaign by NESTLE Nestle has been using Integrated marketing campaigns to good effect in almost all the countries they are into. They have been using non conventional media options to good effect so as to maintain the brand image that they have developed at the same time ensure a top of the mind recall in the minds of the customers. They have been into event marketing which is a very effective mode of communicating with your customers, as they are in a framework of mind to listen to you. C:UsersSharonDesktopAIM-path-to-purchase-generic.jpg For example their recent family days campaign as a part of the Minor league basketball sponsorship. They are using all the available media options for this purpose and have made an interactive website which has already attracted many hits in the initial days of the campaign itself. Thus by making the product a part of the events the company is trying to make it an essential part in the lives of those who love baseball and the customers start associating themselves with the brand more. This gives them immense opportunities to piggy-back on those events and thus creates a hype and excitement around the brand (Brassington, F and Pettitt, S, 2000). They can even analyse the current brand health and these events gives you the best platform to relaunch or reinforce the position in the market. By linking a campaign to loyalty and frequency programs the company can actually get more of repeat purchases thus ensuring that they are getting most out of a profitable customer by maintaining a lon g term relationship with them. Let us now look at various media options that are available, the pros and cons of them with respect to Nestle and then analyse whether they should go ahead with such an option or not. Mass Media Nestle being in FMCG category it is essential for them to advertise and remain in the minds of the customers and hence they have to use mass media. This is the cheapest option in terms of the cost per customer is concerned but the main worrying factor is that most of the developed nations have already admitted the famous death of mass media marketing as there are so many messages bombarded to the customers and they started ignoring the messages or is selectively paying attention to these channels. Another main factor that repels customer attention towards these channels are that the messages which are communicated are not distinctive or refreshing. For example when two companies Nestle and Cadbury comes up with a TV commercial about similar products, the customers dont find any major difference between the two and hence they tend to ignore both and the purchase is often impulsive. By Have a break Have a Kit Kat campaign the company tried to project the chocolate as a thing that can b e used whenever there is a break. The marketing teams often fall into this trap, they cannot survive the competition without getting a share of mind and voice which is possible only with mass media channels, but they themselves know that the message that they communicate is not targeted at the population that they are selling to or the majority does not care to buy the product. But in an FMCG industry in order to ensure parity with others in the market, companies are forced to make media expenditure on the product. The company thus have to ensure that they get the right TV spots whenever they are advertising rather than just extravagantly spending on Television advertising. In case of print media the life of ad is even longer and one can actually target the customers in a more effective manner. They can communicate their brand positioning in a more effective manner and the shelf value of such ads are much more than that of a radio or a TV commercial. Nestle has been not utilising this medium effectively, rather than just concentrating heavily on the TV commercials (Aaker, D and Joachimsthaler, E 2000). They should come out with effective Print ads in various national dailies and magazines that are meant for fun since their target group essentially reads these magazines and dailies. By means of print media, company can give more information to the customers and they can even invite them to be a part of various contests that they are planning in any campaign. Mobile Applications With widespread adoption of mobile phones, this is one of the important areas which can be effectively used by the Nestle. Most of the customers find mobile marketing as non intrusive and hence they welcome it if done in moderation. Again being an FMCG product Nestle have to combine this mobile marketing with any other sort of marketing such as event related or contests. They can give personalised information to individual customers on various product information and event sponsorships like that of Minor League Football Sponsorship. This medium is very effective because of the fact that the company can target its customers in a more effective manner. Unlike mass media which appeals to all sections of the population, in this case only the profitable customers can be targeted by effective use of CRM and database solutions. The messages are passed on to only those who have a good customer life time value according to the company statistics. This medium can also be used to lure those cus tomers who are likely to switch by offering them better deals and better variety of options. Given the tie up of Nestle with major retail stores in UK, it can be stated that they have good information about its customers preferences and they can utilise them to attract the customers into their fold. Online Media Marketers have realised the power of online media and almost every other company is trying hard to use the online media space to communicate their message to the customers. The customers on the other hand prefer this media much more than that of any other media channel because of the fact that this media channel gives them the option of a two way dialogue. Nestle can come up with initiatives to make customers a part of their marketing campaigns by means of suggestions and contests. Online media can be a double edged sword; it can create negative word of mouth which can affect the brand equity. No one realises it better than Nestle as they have already faced the brunt of Milk product campaign which gave them bad word of mouth and the news got spread all across the world in no time because of online media. There were several Boycott Nestle campaigns run across the world. So it has to be handled effectively. Online media also gives in-depth product information that the customers need. O ne of the main challenges that Nestle faces while addressing such an issue is that they have attract the customers to their website, which is difficult in case of an FMCG product. This can be done by having interactive sections, games and contests on the website which will draw the public towards these websites. The company can also go in for advertorials and expert comments which are taken with more credibility by the public. They develop a sense of trust in the brand when the products are endorsed by the domain experts and celebrities. Social networking is one major tool which is being increasingly used by many companies. People who are their target segment are internet savvy and spend most of their time in social networking sites like facebook. The company can promote their products through these sites and get a customer feedback directly from them (Assael, H. 1992). By placing the product promotions within various games and other applications that can help them in making the brand memorable in the minds of the people. One of the important factors why marketers prefer this media option is that they get a direct feedback over a specific marketing campaign that they run and hence they are able to mould it accordingly based on the needs and requirements of the company. Moreover internet offe rs them immense opportunities to promote the product at a very less cost and thus direct the expenses in a more effective manner. Out of the Home Advertising Out of the home advertising has moved on from the ages of static bill boards which occupied the advertising history for so long. Emergence of 3D sign-boards and likes has made the arena more compelling and attractive for the customer to take a note while he is on transit. There are several examples where companies engage in direct battles with the competitors through out of the home media (Baker, M. 2000). The industry is focusing more on OOH as it provides a cheaper substitute to the mass media at the same time helps them in making aware about the product. Nestle even though have been involved in a certain degree of Out of the home mode of advertising, they havent made any real breakthrough as afar as out of the home media is concerned (Booms, B.H. and Bitner, M.J. 1981). They heavily rely on 2D ordinary bill boards still. They have to move out of the conventional methods and try out something new like a 3D billboard. If the company has to target the rural segment then they have to effectively use it. Given the fact that the urban customer base are already on a saturation , Nestle has to concentrate more on its rural population and this can be done effectively with the help of Out of the home media channels. Direct and E-mail Marketing FMCG companies use less of direct and email marketing, as they have very little information as compared to that of many high involvement products. The company have not been using this media option that much. Nestle can still use direct mailers and e mails to its profitable customers. But still they wont have much of an option when they consider such an option. This can be used while they run any particular contests or to attract the customers to their websites. Nestle can use this mode of option to direct the traffic to the website and then promote the products through the website. Marketers can measure the response rate of the direct mailer campaigns and hence can monitor the same very easily. Many companies ignore this route but Nestle can make use of this mode so that it can complement other methods of marketing (David Sebastan, 1959). PROS CONS of IMC: Why it should be Used? One of the main advantages of using an IMC approach in case of an FMCG is that it helps in effective cross functional merging of various media channels rather than just depending on the mass media to deliver. With an integrated marketing approach communication with the customers improves and it ensures that customers voice is also heard and at the same time gives them a sense of involvement in the whole process. By profiling the customers based on demographics and psychographics, Nestle can actually target only those who are actually a part of the target group rather than just communicating with anyone and everyone who is not a part of companies target group (John Gullivan, 1998). By applying strategic segmentation of customers, the company would be clear with respect to the communication objectives that they are upto and they help them in simplifying the whole process as they get an idea about how much to spend on each channel based on the effectiveness of the medium. Integrated mar keting communications approach also makes sure that many offline and online mediums which have high potential but rarely used are also used in the process to ensure that the customers are attacked from all the sides and they essentially develop a sort of bonding with the customers (Hoyer, W.D. and MacInnis, D.J. 2001). With the advent of online and internet marketing numerous ways to woo the customers such as Search engine optimisation e marketing campaigns pay per click, blogs, RSS podcasts etc are used which have proved to be non intrusive and very effective in reaching the customers. One of the main advantages of such a campaign is that Nestle would be able to customise the marketing communications based on the time budget and resources of the customers. This helps in streamlining the available resources with the company in a efficient manner. Nestle being a large corporation has the financial muscle power to utilise various channels to reach out to the customer and thus create a visible difference in their current campaign. The main disadvantages of such a campaign are that there need to be simple message that needs to be communicated through various mediums. If the messages in various mediums are contrasting then it is never going to work in favour of the company. It also depends excessively on the database that the company have and the profiling that they do with the data. If not done in a proper manner then all the money that one spends on it is going to be wasted (Glynn Mangold, David J. Faulds, 1992). The benefits of such campaigns are that it helps the company is maximising the use of money that they spend on marketing communications and it has been seen in many examples that the net results out of such campaigns per dollar is much more than that of normal mass media communications. It helps in interacting with the customers at an individual basis which is more effective and when you have a simple compelling story to tell through various media channels it is going to be a success for sure.

Bacons Rebellion: An Early Model of the American Revolution :: Essays on American Revolution

With American Indians randomly attacking the colonies, grave economic problems, corruption in the government, a desire for a representative government, and no help from Great Britain, the American colonies were on the brink of rebellion. All that was left to ignite the rebellion was a leader and a spark. Both of these came in the years to follow 1675. There were great economic problems in the colonies at the time. For one thing, the prices of tobacco, the major economic base of the colonies, were falling fast. To add to the decrease in tobacco price, Great Britain was also increasing taxes on the Americans. This did not help the situation in the colonies. Adding to all the turmoil, was a corrupted government. With William Berkeley as the current royal governor, he was in complete control of the colonies, and had not allowed an election in almost fourteen years. His only helpful actionThe government was corrupted, and Great Britain was doing nothing to help. The Americans wanted a representative and responsive government, in which they could elect their representatives and have a voice in the government. Another major factor that caused Bacon's rebellion was the American Indians. Although some were peaceful, many were not. With many of the tribes shifting territories, the American Indians were attacking planters along the frontier. By 1676, more than 300 Virginians had been killed at the hands of the Indians. Adding to all the turmoil, was a corrupted government. With William Berkeley as the current royal governor, he was in complete control of the colonies, and had not allowed an election in almost fourteen years. His only helpful action was to have more forts constructed, making planters feeling abandoned. The government was corrupted, and Great Britain was doing nothing to help. The Americans wanted a representative and responsive government, in which they could elect their representatives and have a voice in the government. From England came a man called Nathaniel Bacon, who was seen by the dissident planters as a natural leader. He is appointed to the Council by Berkeley, and later agrees to lead the planters in their fight against the Indians. He does wait for permission from Berkeley, and leads his followers 200 miles south, where he engages in a bloody battle with the Indians. At hearing this, Berkeley dismisses bacon from the Council, and claims his followers to be rebels. Despite his accusations, he cannot catch bacon and his force.

Expenses of the organization Essay

Capitalism has been of great benefit to me as an individual due to the fact that it values political as well as economic freedom of an individual. Through allowing people to undertake various business activities, capitalism has allowed me to maximize on profit making. Capitalism does not limit the amount of wealth an individual can amass. Capitalism also ensures that my constitutional rights to own property are protected. The schemes of getting rich quickly in the capitalist world are some of the major disadvantages associated with capitalism. The driving force of these schemes is the employees who pay the business loans of organizations voting at work so as to regulate the property they are paying for (Downing p, 37). As an employee I have been paying for the expenses of the organization I work for, which are by far beyond the salary of employees. The capitalist world favors development as well as establishment of as many industries as possible an aspect which in the long run results in environmental degradation. The greatest losers of capitalism in the United States as well as the world are those who seem to have lost the battle for regulation of economic policies. These people include those who rely on agricultural capital. The winners of capitalism, on the pother hand, are those who invest in a variety of sectors including factories, companies, goods and services (Soto p, 114) Historical materialists, who are few, own so much wealth at the expense of the poor majority. The practice of materialists constitutes some of the reasons as to why poor people and poor countries remain poor whereas rich people and countries continue expanding their wealth. Materialists claim that they are not accountable to anyone, but to their stakeholders and therefore all their practices are focused at amassing as much wealth as possible rather than looking at the plight of common man (Misraa, Woodringa, and Merz p, 320). Work cited: Misraa, Joya. Woodringa, Jonathan. and Merz, Sabine. The globalization of care work: Neoliberal economic restructuring and migration policy, 2006, Vol 3: 3, 317 – 332 Soto, Hernando. The mystery of capital: why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else, ISBN 0465016154: Basic Books, 2003 Downing, David. Capitalism, 2nd edn, ISBN 0431191808: Pearson Education, 2008

Hitlers Weltanschauung (World View) Essays - Nazism, Free Essays

Hitlers Weltanschauung (World View) Essays - Nazism, Free Essays Hitlers Weltanschauung (World View) name = Glen R. Hees email = SigmaChi25 publish = yes subject = World Civ II title = Hitler's Weltanschauung (World View) In the early quarter of the twentieth century, a young man was beginning to fill his mind with ideas of a unification of all Germanic countries. That young man was Adolf Hitler, and what he learned in his youth would surface again as he struggled to become the leader of this movement. Hitler formed views of countries and even certain cities early in his life, those views often affecting his dictation of foreign policy as he grew older. What was Hitlers view of the world before the Nazi Party came to power? Based in large part on incidents occurring in his boyhood, Hitlers view included the belief that Jews should be eliminated, and that European countries were merely pawns for him to use in his game of world dominion. Adolf Hitler grew up the son of a respectable imperial customhouse official, who refused to let his son do what he was most interested inart. Hitler never excelled in school, and took interest only in art, gymnastics and a casual interest in geography and history due to a liking he had taken to his teacher. It was his history teacher who would fill Adolfs mind with a simple thought: The day will come, that all of us, of German descent, will once more belong to one mighty Teutonic nation that will stretch from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, just like the Empire of the Middle Ages, and that will stand supreme among the peoples of this earth. Already the young Adolf could envision himself in such a position. Much of the ideology that Adolf Hitler used was not original by any means. There were many thinkers and writers who laid the groundwork for what would become not just Hitlers, but the Nazi Partys Weltanschauung (world view). Three primary writers were Dietrich Eckart, editor of a harshly anti-Semitic periodical, Auf gut deutsch (Agd), Alfred Rosenberg, a Baltic German and contributor to Agd, and Gottfried Feder, an opponent of finance capitalism. These three men molded the political outlook of the German Workers Party before Hitler encountered it in 1919, and would become quite influential in Adolfs ideology. Rosenberg contributed largely to Hitlers view of the Jews on an international perspective, suggesting the existence of a Jewish conspiracy to overthrow established nation-states on a worldwide scale. In 1924, Hitler proclaimed that he had departed from Vienna as an absolute anti-Semitic, a deadly enemy of the whole Marxist outlook, and as a Pan-German in his political persuasion. The Pan-Ger man movement was dedicated to achieving the defense and fortification of the German Volk (people) everywhere in the world. The elimination of the Jews was but one item on Hitlers agenda, however. Hitler wanted to do away with the Versailles Treaty which he saw as criminal. He also believed that Germany should not ally itself with any other nation, except perhaps Italy and England. Italy, because of its Fascist regime under Mussolini, and England, because it could be considered a Nordic region. While he would go on to ally himself with Italy, his views of these two nations would change drastically later. As for other European nations, Hitlers idea of expansionism laid the groundwork for his relations with them. Lebensraum or living-space, which Hitler mentioned in his book Mein Kampf, had been a key concept for German National Socialists. It was an old concept, not inconsistent with beliefs held since the middle ages. Hitler believed that an increase in his countrys living-space would effectively improve the health and well-being of his Volk. As Hitler stated in his Secret Book: A healthy foreign policy therefore will always keep the winning of the basis of a peoples sustenance immovably in sight as its ultimate goal. Hitler was very hostile towards France and saw the French as a hereditary enemy that was always looking for a chance to annex the left bank of the Rhine so as to have a natural frontier with Germany. Hitler was ready to support a war against France at any time and any cost. England was portrayed as one of Germanys absolute enemies, even though Hitler had considered making an alliance at one point. Hitler thought that England had been the Weltmacht, or world power for too long and was not a worthy ally because they assisted the Jewish cause and had allowed Jews to hold influential positions within the state. Hitler also said that the British

The Session_Start() Function in PHP

The Session_Start() Function in PHP In PHP,  information designated for use across several web pages can be stored in a session. A session is similar to a cookie, but the information contained in the session is not stored on the visitors computer. A key to open the session- but not the information contained within- is stored on a visitors computer. When that visitor next logs in, the key opens the session.  Then when a session is opened on another page, it scans the computer for the key. If there is a match, it accesses that session, if not it starts a new session. With sessions, you can build customized applications and increase the usefulness of the site to its visitors.   Every page that will use the session information on the website must  be identified by the session_start() function. This initiates a session on each PHP page. The session_start function must be the first thing sent to the browser or it wont work properly. It must precede any HTML tags. Usually, the best place to  position it is right after the ?php tag. It must be on every page you intend to use. The variables contained in the session- such as username and favorite color- are set with $_SESSION, a global variable.  In this example, the session_start function is positioned after a non-printing comment but before any HTML. In the example, after viewing page 1.php, the next page, which is page 2.php, contains the session data and so on. The session variables end  when the user closes the browser. Modifying and Deleting a Session To modify a variable in a session, just overwrite it. To remove all the global variables and delete the session, use the session_unset() and session_destroy() functions. Global vs. Local Variable A global variable is visible throughout the program and it can be used by any function in the program. A local variable is declared inside a function and that is the only place it can be used.

Omani Teachers Use (perception) of ICT in classes after taking an Research Proposal

Omani Teachers Use (perception) of ICT in classes after taking an ICDL(international computer driving liscence) training course - Research Proposal Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABSTRACT To discover how Omani teachers have transformed in their Information communication technology teaching strategy to groups of students after ICDL or International Computer Driving License training is the interest of this study. It will look into policy documents of the company that sponsored the training programme and the policy makers of the Ministry of Education. The researcher will use descriptive quantitative research in gathering the data. Questionnaires will be prepared and sent to the corresponding teachers who successfully finished the programme and obtained the license to teach the same. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The teaching of Information communication technology to groups of students through classroom instruction is of essence for learners to cope with the needs of the 21st century lifestyle and business ways after graduation. In almost every human transaction nowadays ICT is involved. Besides, ICT have just turned out to be one that is a progressive technology in nature; hence the need for continuous upgrading of what is the latest for those who have learned the technology already, and for the learned educators to pass on the knowledge to learners. Background of the Study Internationally, instruction and education in the higher level of formal schooling in some institutions have seen so much transformation with the emergence of information technology as a primary discipline towards modern communication and business transactions strategy. Not only is the demand rising in the first world countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France, but, it is also intensifying in developing...In almost every human transaction nowadays ICT is involved. Besides, ICT have just turned out to be one that is a progressive technology in nature; hence the need for continuous upgrading of what is the latest for those who have learned the technology already, and for the learned educators to pass on the knowledge to learners. Internationally, instruction and education in the higher level of formal schooling in some institutions have seen so much transformation with the emergence of information technology as a primary discipline towards modern communication and business transactions strategy. Not only is the demand rising in the first world countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France, but, it is also intensifying in developing economies like Oman. Nonetheless, even in a highly industrialized economy like the United Kingdom, information communication technology or ICT have still to be incorporated into primary curriculums (Williams and Easingwood, 2003). Currently, enthusiast as well as experts in the field of information technology have organized themselves and offered trainings with corresponding certificates of complet

Estimate the five operating expenses for each of the past three fiscal Essay

Estimate the five operating expenses for each of the past three fiscal years, and evaluate what operating leverage, if any, was applied each year - Essay Example According to both financial statements the five costs are Cost of Revenue, Research and Development, Selling General and Administrative Expenses, Non-Recurring and Others. For the sake of simplicity, Cost of Revenue and Selling, General and Administration Expenses would be regarded as Variable Cost and the other expenditure as Fixed Cost. From the Income Statement Extract for 2003 (Fig 2), it is clear that PFIZER operated with a higher degree of operating leverage than GlaxoSmithKline. This is evident in the company's fixed cost percentage as PFIZER's fixed cost position is 2% higher that its competitor. The fact that PFIZER has a substantial amounts of capital tied up in its fixed assets and in particular in Research and Development Expenditure, would account for its higher operating leverage. It should be of no surprise therefore, that PFIZER's Research and Development accounts for over 50% of its total fixed cost. GlaxoSmithKline may have been a little more conservative since its Research and Development Expenditure spans only 5% of its total fixed cost. The strategy therefore would be for PFIZER to reduce its fixed cost percentage and thus enable itself to manage its risks. It has successfully done so in December 2004 (Fig 3) and as a result its operations have expanded by 13%. GlaxoSmithKline, on the other hand, operating income expanded by only 3% despite the reduction of its operating leverage. This is owing to the fact that its revenue of $39 Billion only increased by 3%. Fig 4 According to Fig 4, the Operating Income of GlaxoSmithKline has improved by an additional 4% where as PFIZER fell by 5%. PFIZER operating leverage has increased again and hence would account for the fall in Operating Income by $3 Billion. It was clear that GlaxoSmithKline managed its operating leverage better and hence reduces its risk. Conclusion The question, which may arise, is whether PFIZER is in a better situation than GlaxoSmithKline The truth is "leverage is neither good or bad"(Schmedt May 1998). Each company must assess the amount of risk it is willing to take while striving to achieve its corporate objectives. It is important to understand the company's cost structure to enable management to make effective decisions so that it can compete effectively and achieve the competitive advantage it so desires. References Fred Schmedts, The concept of Operating Leverage : The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation http://www.noble.org/Ag/Economics/OperatingLeverage/index.html Glaxosmithkline PLC Financial Statements December 2003 to December 2005 - Yahoo Finance http://finance.yahoo.com/q/iss=GSK&annual PFIZER Inc Financial Statements December 2003 to December 2005 - Yahoo Finance http://finance.yahoo.com/q/iss=PFE&annual Buccino, Gerald P. and Kraig S. McKinley, "The Importance of Operating Leverage in a Turnaround," Secure Lender (September / October 1997),

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

Reading response - Essay Example The 913 people who died in the town were all members of the religious movement. However, two of those who died were killed by poison known as cyanide. The massacre event was named the revolutionary suicide event by Jones and several members of the religious group (Moore & Rebecca 314). The death of this members extended to appoint the act was seen as mass suicide even by the government of the United States. This story is fascinating because of the event that happened in Jonestown. The story talks about murder and suicide of many people who are the members of the religious group. The most interesting part in the story is the fact that the deaths of this people could not be justified and also the causes of their deaths were not valid. The death of many people at a time and from the same place could also attract attention to the story. Interestingly, the diseased die without knowing the reasons of their deaths. Another interesting part of the story is the way people died from cyanide, there are several symptoms that are observed when a person is poisoned using cyanide. Those who were said to have died from cyanide, should have displayed the signs and the symptoms appropriately. On religious tradition, the article talks about the religious movement and the visit of its members to the divine. According to the article, the members of the religious group often went to the divine for the religious activities. Jones’ speech attracted more members to the group, he delivered sermons that relieved the members and gave many people the feeling of freedom. From the religion activities explored in the article, it is clear that the traditions of religion depends on the belief of the individual. However, the sermon and the speech given by the religious leaders appear to attract and influence most of the non-believers into joining a certain religion movement (Moore & Rebecca 317). For

The Concept of Sex Appeal and Its Influence on the Consumer Essay Example for Free

The Concept of Sex Appeal and Its Influence on the Consumer Essay More complex variables such as confidence and the personal interpretation of the individual’s beauty/attractiveness may give us more insight into the underlying psychological and sociological purchasing patterns of today’s consumer. The first hand research for this topic will be carried out with a questionnaire designed and created by the members of the group and thereafter each part will be worked on and analyzed mutually. Many question why sex appeal is used so frequently in advertising, never becoming an outdated phenomenon of the past like so many other techniques. The study of consumer behaviour is very much connected with the area of psychology. Few people know that when being subjected to advertising they may be influenced on a far greater scale then they could ever imagine. The first aspect which must be taken into consideration is sex. In our current modernized lives where survival is a word used less frequently, many forget about the urges humans have inherited over thousands of years. Abraham Maslow’s diagram of the hierarchy of needs displays the ranking of necessities for human survival, â€Å"The basis of Maslows theory is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Anon, 2007) It is observed that once a human fulfills a need, he then progresses to the next level to ultimately strive to reach the last level which is self actualization. The first level deals with physiological needs which encompasses breathing, food, water, sleep, homeostasis, excretions and last but not least, sex. This drive that humans have, which plays a fundamental role in survival, can help justify why marketing experts use sex appeal as a vital part in advertising their products. With this valuable knowledge, advertising professionals are able to reach their target customers on a subconscious level. The use of sex can be compared to shock advertisements such as those in anti-smoking or obesity campaigns. In terms of marketing, all publicity can be beneficial to the company so the main objective is to shock. Kandarp Baxi, the accounts director for Chase advertising states the following about the use of sex appeal; â€Å"There is little that the product is offering that is different from others. When technological differentiation is neither noticeable nor long-lived, you need to improve the intangible experience. Put simply, the attempt is to position them to shock† (Seth, 2005). Studies have shown that sex in advertising can generate feelings of happiness, risk-taking and pleasure all desirable traits for the distributor of the product. During a study at Stanford University, a group of male students were asked to look at revealing sexual images of women and were then given money to gamble with on a random chance game. Either a dollar or a dime could be won, though the chance of winning was always the same. The men who had looked at provocative images were more likely to make greater financial risks then those who were shown neutral images (office supplies) or scary images (snakes and spiders) which generally risked less. Brian Knutson, a psychologist at Stanford expresses â€Å"its all about the power of emotion and arousal and our financial decisions†¦ What really matters is that the sexy woman is having an emotional impact. That bleeds over into your financial decisions. (Borenstein, 2008) I’m sure many have experienced the need to buy when they are unhappy. This materialism is more prominent in consumers with lower self esteem. People that do not feel positively about themselves are generally more insecure and therefore try to fill this emptiness in their lives with products. Sex appeal in advertising can negatively impact the consumer which lacks self confidence as the overly styled images of beautiful and sensual faces act as bait. The more unhappy one is, the more one will depend on products and buyable commodities to ease this self doubt. A study conducted by researchers from the university of Illinois and Minnesota stated that â€Å"By the time children reach early adolescence, and experience a decline in self-esteem, the stage is set for the use of material possessions as a coping strategy for feelings of low self-worth. (Sato, 2007). The article also explains that a lot in terms of societal happiness has changed over the past 50 years, â€Å"Yet as societies become richer, they do not become happier. In fact, the First World has more depression, more alcoholism and more crime than fifty years ago. † Along with the need to earn more to be able to consume more comes a range of problems which use the consumer as their prime target. Compulsive shopping is a disorder continuously affecting insecure consumers. This sickness was discovered by German psychiatrist, Emil Krapelin and is â€Å"characterised by an irresistible urge to buy items that are either unneeded or unwanted†¦most compulsive buyers are young women who spend excessive amounts on clothing, shoes and makeup. † (Andreasen Et. Al, 2006) Here one can identify that these affected have self low esteem as they are purchasing mass amounts of products that have been designed and created to increase the physical appearance of the consumer. It is assumed that between 1. and 2% of our population are affected by this disorder (Day, 1997) University of London psychologist Kevin Gourney found that â€Å"63 per cent of people with a shopping problem went on a spree when they felt depressed† (Day, 1997) When describing why most of compulsive shopping sufferers are women he blamed marketing strategies â€Å"They are also deluged with advertising for clothes, cosmetics and perfumes†. Andreasen. N, Black. D (2006) Intr oductory Textbook of Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Pub. Inc, pp. 360